A Novel Macroscopic Dynamic Loading Model and its Properties

Existing macroscopic dynamic loading models (Linear travel time, Divided linear travel time and Point-Queue models), which are based on representation of link properties as a whole and fully comply with the requirements of the dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) procedure, are widely used in many DTA studies. This is because of their lower implementation and computational costs. DTA literature consistently suggesting alternative models but many of them do not comply with the required properties for their use in DTA and if the model fulfils these requirements, the computational and implementation issues in these models are such demanding that their general use is very limited (e.g. Cell Transmission model). This paper presents a novel model (Adnan-Fowkes model), which utilise the similar modelling framework through which Point-Queue model was developed and at the same time addresses the drawbacks exist in the Point-Queue and Liner travel time models which are due to their simple mathematical formulation. The proposed model is developed with a simple mathematical construction and it is as easy to implement as Point-Queue and Linear travel time models. The paper comprehensively discusses the properties which are desirable for the use of any model in DTA and analytically illustrates that the Adnan-Fowkes model is successfully fulfilling all these requirements. Numerical experiments are also conducted for comparison of the behaviour of the Adnan-Fowkes model along with the Point-Queue and Linear travel time models. The results of these experiments provide more useful insight for the Adnan-Fowkes model and support the characteristics of this model which are mentioned analytically in earlier sections of this paper

Developing efficient web-based GIS applications

There is an increase in the number of web-based GIS applications over the recent years. This paper describes different mapping technologies, database standards, and web application development standards that are relevant to the development of web-based GIS applications. Different mapping technologies for displaying geo-referenced data are available and can be used in different situations. This paper also explains why Oracle is the system of choice for geospatial applications that need to handle large amounts of data. Wireframing and design patterns have been shown to be useful in making GIS web applications efficient, scalable and usable, and should be an important part of every web-based GIS application. A range of different development technologies are available, and their use in different operating environments has been discussed here in some detail

The Direction of Causality between Health Spending and GDP: The Case of Pakistan

Relevant literature suggests that the most important determinant of health care spending is real GDP. Moreover, there is considerable evidence that health care spending rises at a faster rate than real GDP. This paper uses recently developed tests for the existence of a long run relationship to analyze the links between health care spending and GDP. We are, particularly, interested in estimating the elasticity parameter. The aim of the paper is to provide a new method of analysis to those used in recent papers on this subject. Typically in applied analysis, testing for the existence of cointegration and causality can only be carried out once the time series properties of the data have been established. For example, tests for cointegration require the variables to integrated of the same order, typically I(1), prior to estimation. By eliminating the need for unit root pre-testing, the tests applied here considerably simplify the inference procedure. They also reduce the potential for distortions in the inference due to the unknown properties of the testing sequence. Our findings include robust evidence that, for Pakistan, the income elasticity for health care spending is greater than one and that the elasticity value is stable over the estimation period.Health Spending; GDP; Causality

Trading Wireless Information and Power Transfer: Relay Selection to Minimize the Outage Probability

This paper studies the outage probability minimization problem for a multiple relay network with energy harvesting constraints. The relays are hybrid nodes used for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer from the source radio frequency (RF) signals. There is a trade-off associated with the amount of time a relay node is used for energy and information transfer. Large intervals of information transfer implies little time for energy harvesting from RF signals and thus, high probability of outage events. We propose relay selection schemes for a cooperative system with a fixed number of RF powered relays. We address both causal and non-causal channel state information cases at the relay--destination link and evaluate the trade-off associated with information/power transfer in the context of minimization of outage probability.Comment: IEEE GlobalSiP, 201

Kemampuan Menggunakan Konjungsi dalam Wacana Deskripsi Siswa Kelas V SD Negeri 51 Banda Aceh

Pengajaran konjungsi diperlukan oleh siswa guna memperluas cara berpikir dan mempertajam pemahaman terhadap pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini berjudul “kemampuan menggunakan konjungsi dalam wacana deskripsi siswa kelas V SD Negeri 51 Banda Aceh. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana kemampuan menggunakan konjungsi dalam wacana deskripsi siswa kelas V SD Negeri 51 Banda Aceh? Secara khusus penelitian ini bertujun untuk mengetahui kemampuan menggunakan konjungsi dalam wacana deskripsi siswa kelas V SD Negeri 51 Banda Aceh.Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kuantitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas V SD Negeri 51 Banda Aceh yang berjumlah 32 siswa, penentuan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan teknik total sampling karena populasinya kurang dari 100 yaitu sampelnya 32 siswa.Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah dengan instrumen tes. Hasil data penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai rata-rata siswa kelas V SD Negeri 51 Banda Aceh dalam menggunakan konjungsi wacana deskripsi adalah 72,12. Berdasarkan kategori nilai yang menjadi acuan penelitian ini, nilai rata-rata 72,12 termasuk ke dalam kategori baik. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kemampuan siswa kelas V SD Negeri 51 Banda Aceh dalam menggunakan konjungsi dalam wacana deskripsi pada pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia memiliki tingkat kemampuan yang baik

Kemampuan Siswa Memahami Isi Bacaan Deskripsi Siswa Kelas V Sdn Lamreung Aceh Besar

Mata pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia merupakan mata pelajaran yang diajarkan di sekolah sejak Sekolah Dasar sampai perguruan tinggi. Mata pelajaran ini sangat penting untuk diajarkan di sekolah. Mata pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia di selenggarakan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan siswa dalam bersosialisasi dengan sesama dalam berbagai kesempatan baik tulis maupun lisan. Salah satu aspek yang terdapat dalam mata pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia ialah membaca. Melalui membaca anak akan memahami informasi yang disampaikan penulis dalam suatu tulisan. Penelitian yang berjudul “Kemampuan Siswa Memahami Isi Bacaan Deskripsi Siswa Kelas V SDN Lamreung Aceh Besar”. Adapun yang menjadi rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah Bagaimanakah tingkat kemampuan siswa memahami isi teks deskripsi di kelas V SDN Lamreung Aceh Besar?.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikankemampuan siswa memahami isi teks deskripsi kelas V SD Lamreung Aceh Besar. Subjek dalam penelitia ini adalah siswa kelas V Sd Lamreung Aceh Besar yang berjumlah sebanyak 21 orang siswa, terdiri dari 12 siswa perempuan dan 9 siswa laki – laki.Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan membagikan instrument berupa tes untuk mengetahui hasil belajar siswa dalam memahami isi teks deskripsi. Tes dibuat dalam bentuk choice, yang terdiri dari 10 butir soal. Tes ini di lakukan di kelas V SDN Lamreung Aceh Besar.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian di SDNLamreung Aceh Besar, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa: (1) Analisis data yang di lakukan dengan rumus presentasi pada materi teks deskrispi hasil belajar siswa sudah sangat baik, (2) Analisis data yang dilakukan dengan rumus presentasi pada butir soal mampu di jawab dengan baik oleh siswa